Study of serum electrolytes and proteins level in severe malnourshed within 24 hours of admission ( age group 6 month to 5 year ) .

The world health organization defines malnutrition as "The cellular imbalance between supply of nutrients and energy and the body demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance and specific function ". It is the most widespread nutritional problem in developing countries. Predominantly affecting children. Severe malnutrition is globally the most important risk factor for illness and death contributing to more than half of death in children worldwide. [1]It occurs most frequently in infants and children and often associated with infection. [2] Severe protein Energy Malnutrition is caused by protein and energy deficiency and has been identified as a major health and nutrition problem in India. The prevalence rate varies from 20-50% in different areas depending on socioeconomic status and levels of education and awareness. Children with severe malnutrition are at risk of several life threatening problem like Hypoglycaemia, Hypothermia, serious infection and severe electrolyte disturbances. Malnutrition has been a permanent priority of the WHO for decades. The severest clinical forms of PEM are Marasmus, kwashiorkor, Marasmic-kwashiorkor. The following symptoms and signs clinically Characterize them: Marasmus is a serious worldwide problem that involves more than 50 million children younger than 5 year. According to the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) 49% of the 10.4 million death occurring in children younger than 5 year in developing countries are associated with severe PEM. The milder forms of it like stunting (chronic form) and wasting (acute) forms of malnutrition are highly rampant in developing countries. Marasmic children have growth retardation and specific clinical manifestations including:-Introduction: The azygos venous system consists of the azygos vein on the right side and the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos on the left side. The latter two are said to be the tributaries rather than the equivalent of the azygos vein. This unpaired venous system is said to be full of anatomical variations and hence of much clinical significance. Aims: to study and report the prevalence of normal and anomalous variations of the azygos venous system in the region of East –Godavari district, Andhra-Pradesh (India)Methods: the present study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, KIMS & RF, Amalapuram spanning over a period of 2 years. A total of 40 cadavers irrespective of age and sex were chosen. The entire course of the azygos venous system in these 40 cadavers was carefully noted and documented. Results: 29 cadavers showed the normal venous patterned as described in literature. The other 11 cases …